寄生橡胶树叶上的头孢藻

由头孢藻引起的藻斑病在世界各国热带和亚热带地区的很多植物物种上均有报道。弄清寄生橡胶树叶上寄生藻的种类、为害症状以及不同橡胶树品系和环境对寄生藻发生为害的影响，为橡胶树藻斑病防治提供参考依据。通过田间调查、观察其为害特性症状；采集藻斑病标本，切片显微观察寄生藻在宿主组织内和表面的寄生习性；提取寄生藻的DNA，分析比对其核糖体小亚基基因序列。结合寄生藻的形态和核糖体小亚基(18S rRNA)基因序列分析结果，将本研究发现的橡胶树藻类叶斑病原物鉴定为茂盛头孢藻，这是首次在我国大陆橡胶树上发现由该寄生藻引起的橡胶树叶斑病。结果表明，种植于不同坡向、相同品系的橡胶树受害程度不一样，种植在阴坡的病害级别要高于阳坡的；同一株橡胶树上层树冠叶受害最轻，下层树冠叶受害最重；相比较而言橡胶树品系云研272较为抗病。     

Performance of Mixed Species and Mono‐specific Algal Diets for Culture of Larval Western School Prawns,Metapenaeus dalli

The effect of three mono‐specific and four combinations of the diatoms Chaetoceros muelleri, Chaetoceros calcitrans, and the chlorophyte Tetraselmis suecica on survival, development, and dry weight of the western school prawn, Metapenaeus dalli, was assessed from protozoea I until mysis I. The development and dry weight of larvae were significantly greater when fed diets comprising C. muelleri and/or T. suecica. A fourth diet, consisting of all three microalgal species also performed just as well. Survival alone was a poor measure of the performance of the various diets. Larvae fed with C. calcitrans, either alone or in a mixed diet with either C. muelleri or T. suecica, had significantly slower development and lower dry weight. Overall performance, assessed using the normalized biomass development index, determined that both mono‐specific and mixed diets containing C. muelleri and T. suecica were among the best for M. dalli larvae. These results for M. dalli are consistent with those found for commercially grown penaeid prawns. This study enhances the limited knowledge on the feeding requirements of metapenaeid prawn larvae. Moreover, the results will help improve hatchery methods for the aquaculture‐based enhancement of M. dalli in the Swan‐Canning Estuary and potentially increase the abundance of this iconic recreational species.     

Preliminary Study on the Activity of Phycobiliproteins against Botrytis cinerea

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are proteins of cyanobacteria and some algae such as rhodophytes. They have antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activity at the human level, but there is a lack of knowledge on their antifungal activity against plant pathogens. We studied the activity of PBPs extracted from Arthrospira platensis and Hydropuntia cornea against Botrytis cinerea, one of the most important worldwide plant-pathogenic fungi. PBPs were characterized by using FT-IR and FT-Raman in order to investigate their structures. Their spectra differed in the relative composition in the amide bands, which were particularly strong in A. platensis. PBP activity was tested on tomato fruits against gray mold disease, fungal growth, and spore germination at different concentrations (0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 mg/mL). Both PBPs reduced fruit gray mold disease. A linear dose–response relationship was observed for both PBPs against disease incidence and H. cornea against disease severity. Pathogen mycelial growth and spore germination were reduced significantly by both PBPs. In conclusion, PBPs have the potential for being also considered as natural compounds for the control of fungal plant pathogens in sustainable agriculture.     

藻类在猪和鸡养殖生产中的应用研究进展

文章总结了畜禽生产中可利用的藻类及其营养成分,重点介绍了含藻饲料对以猪和鸡为代表的畜禽生长、免疫、肌肉品质、产蛋性能和禽蛋品质等方面的影响,还指出了藻类在畜禽饲料应用中存在的问题并提出建议,旨在为藻类资源在猪、鸡养殖生产中的广泛应用提供参考。藻类分布广、易生长、产量大,尤其是海藻,含有陆生植物不具有的生物活性物质和营养物质。将富含不饱和脂肪酸和色素的微藻添加到饲料中能改善畜禽肉品质,提升禽蛋品质;将富含多糖等活性物质的大型海藻添加到饲料中有助于提升畜禽免疫力。饲料中添加少量藻类可提高饲料稳定性,提升畜禽生长性能和饲料利用率;当藻类添加量过高时,其所含的抗营养因子会对畜禽产生负面影响,但通过适当的预处理可消除部分抗营养因子,减轻负面效应。     

Assessment of the Nutritive,Biochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Eight Tropical Macro algae Along Kachchh Coast,India as Human Food Supplements

Eight tropical marine macro algae were investigated for in-vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and biochemical properties. The moisture content [% DW (dry weight)] ranged from 7.21 to 14.72%; ash, 24.92 to 47.04%; lipids, 0.73 to 2.67%; protein, 4.56 to 12.59%; and carbohydrate, 30.1 to 48.51%. The % sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ranged from 21.71 to 78.22%, while omega-6/omega-3 (ω6/ω3) ratio was from 0 to 2.08, which remained within the prescribed World Health Organization (WHO) standards (<10). The % sum of essential amino acids (EAAs) ranged from 86.18 to 204.66, and Na/K ratio ranged from 0.37 to 2.85. The extracts exhibited significant (P < 0.05) values for total phenol (7.25–16.0 µg PGE mg^–1 DW) and total flavonoid (4.06–15.63 µg QE mg^–1 DW) at 200 µg/ml. Antibacterial activity was tested against the selected food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. The principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed a positive correlation between total phenolic content, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activities, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), which supports the integration of seaweeds as ingredients in functional foods.     

Salty stories,fresh spaces: Lessons for aquatic protected areas from marine and freshwater experiences

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An Overview of the Medical Applications of Marine Skeletal Matrix Proteins

In recent years, the medicinal potential of marine organisms has attracted increasing attention. This is due to their immense diversity and adaptation to unique ecological niches that has led to vast physiological and biochemical diversification. Among these organisms, marine calcifiers are an abundant source of novel proteins and chemical entities that can be used for drug discovery. Studies of the skeletal organic matrix proteins of marine calcifiers have focused on biomedical applications such as the identification of growth inducing proteins that can be used for bone regeneration, for example, 2/4 bone morphogenic proteins (BMP). Although a few reports on the functions of proteins derived from marine calcifiers can be found in the literature, marine calcifiers themselves remain an untapped source of proteins for the development of innovative pharmaceuticals. Following an overview of the current knowledge of skeletal organic matrix proteins from marine calcifiers, this review will focus on various aspects of marine skeletal protein research including sources, biosynthesis, structures, and possible strategies for chemical or physical modification. Special attention will be given to potential medical applications and recent discoveries of skeletal proteins and polysaccharides with biologically appealing characteristics. In addition, I will introduce an effective protocol for sample preparation and protein purification that includes isolation technology for biopolymers (of both soluble and insoluble organic matrices) from coralline algae. These algae are a widespread but poorly studied group of shallow marine calcifiers that have great potential for marine drug discovery.     

基于MODIS的2000～2013年巢湖蓝藻水华暴发时空分布特征

[目的]研究2000 ～2013年巢湖蓝藻水华暴发时空分布特征,为巢湖流域水环境的综合治理提供决策支持.[方法]利用2000～2013年长时间序列MODIS遥感影像数据计算归一化植被指数,着重分析巢湖蓝藻水华时空分布特征.[结果]巢湖蓝藻水华总体暴发频率较高,以小面积水华为主,大面积水华暴发具有偶然性.2010年起,蓝藻水华暴发频次和程度有增加趋势,其中2010年水华暴发程度最严重.2000 ～2013年巢湖蓝藻水华发生区域呈扩大趋势,发生时间呈延长趋势.4月就开始出现且伴有大面积水华暴发,7、8、10月是蓝藻暴发主要月份,9月份次之,11月明显减少;蓝藻水华先在西北湖区产生,逐渐向东部和中部蔓延,在高峰期覆盖至整个湖心区域,其中湖区南部、东南和东北沿岸是最后新增的水华区域.[结论]2000 ～2013年巢湖蓝藻水华总体暴发频率较高,发生时间呈延长趋势,发生面积呈扩大趋势.     

信江干流浮游藻类分布特征及水质评价

为了研究信江干流浮游植物的时空分布与水质的关系,对信江干流8个监测断面的水质情况及浮游藻类群落结构特征进行调查分析。结果表明,信江流域共观察到7门29科39属85种,其中绿藻门、硅藻门、蓝藻门为优势种群,8个监测点的藻类细胞数量在312~996万个/L之间变动,各监测点之间细胞数量无明显差异。且通过对化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)的测定显示COD浓度在3.87~23.16 mg/L之间,TN平均为4.13 mg/L,总磷(TP)含量较低。Margalef多样性指数与Shannon-Weaver生物多样性指标计算结果与藻类种群数量关系对水质状况感应性差异一致。     

Dereplication and Chemotaxonomical Studies of Marine Algae of the Ochrophyta and Rhodophyta Phyla

Dereplication and chemotaxonomic studies of six marine algae of the Ochrophyta and one of the Rhodophyta phyla resulted in the detection of 22 separate compounds. All 16 secondary metabolites, including four new compounds (16–19), could be rapidly dereplicated using HPLC-NMR and HPLC-MS methodologies in conjunction with the MarinLit database. This study highlights the advantages of using NMR data (acquired via HPLC-NMR) for database searching and for the overall dereplication of natural products.